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lg È. wer,d lshkakæ |
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"I
have learned that everybody wants to live at the
top of the mountain without realizing that true
happiness lies in the way we climb the slope."
"I
have learned that when a newborn first squeezes
his father's finger in his tiny fist, he has
caught him forever." |
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-
From
Gabriel Garcia Marquez's
Final Farewell |
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| 16 |
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kqU,df.a k.r olskúg r;= ñksidf.a
fofk; fõokdfjka nrfjhs' tA we;eï
úg Tyq f.da;%slfhl= ksid fukau
wjfndaOhla ke;af;l= ùu ksid úh
hq;=hs'
t<shg iy w÷rg tl;ek jdih l,
fkdyelsh'
Tn,df.a O¾uh .,a mqjre j,
,shejqfkah' wfma O¾uh ,shejqfka
yojf;ysh'
uy ihqf¾ r< kefÕkafka hï fiao
tf,iu f.da;%h úiska f.da;%h
wkq.ukh flfrkq we;' cd;sh úiska
cd;sh wkq.ukh flfrkq we;'
fidndoyfï kS;sh thhs'
lK.dgqùfuka m,la ke;'
wm mDÓúfha fldgila jk w;r mDÓúh
wmf.a fldgils'
iqÿ ñksidf.a k.r j, tlÿ ksYaYío
ia:dkhlaj;a fidhd .; fkdyelsh'
jika;fha .y fld, j, y~" l=vd
lDókaf.a ir irh wikakg ;ekla
ke;' tA we;eïúg ud f.da;%slfhl=
ksid úh hq;=h' ug fkdjegfykjd úh
hq;=h' tfy;a fuu f>dAIdj foijka
fm<hs' |
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uy fmdf<djg
wdorh l< ñksid |
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kdhl isheg,a ^1780 - 1866& |
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j¾I 1780 g wdikak ld,hl Wm; ,oehs ie,flk
isheg,a uõ md¾Yjfhka —ÿjñIa˜ kñka
ye¢kafjk f.da;%hg wh;a jk w;r mshd
—iql=jñIa˜ kï f.da;%hg wh;a jQ w;r tys
kdhlhdo úh' b;d ;reK jhfia§u kdhlfhl=
f,io rK Y+rfhl= f,io oialï mE isheg,a
wfkl=;a f.da;% iu. we;sjQ igka j,§ b;d
olaI f,i ish f.da;%h fufyhjd Tjqkag ch
,nd ÿkafkah' wfkl=;a f.da;%slhka f.kA
fjkaj lemSfmfkk wä 6lg wdikak Wilska
hq;= jQ fuu kdhlhd tjlg hqfrdamSh rgj,a
j,ska meñKs fj<÷ka yeÈkajQfha —f,f.%dia˜
fyj;a úYd, ñksid hk kñks' tfukau Tyq
i;=j ukd lÓl;ajhlao mej;=ks' f;dr;=re j,
i|yka jk mßÈ ie;mqï 3$4 muK wE;g wefyk
mßÈ l;d lsÍug Tyqg yelshdjla ;sìKs'
wefußldjg iqÿ ñksiqkaf.a meñKSu;a iu.
trg f.da;%sl ckhdg ish .u ìï wysñù
.sfhah' Tjqkg tfrysj hqO je§u o ksYaM,
l%shdjla úh' isheg,a miqlf,l lf;da,sl
wd.u je<|.;af;ah' th Tyqf.a mqf;l= ñh
hdfuka we;sjQ l<lsÍu ksid nj we;euqka
mji;;a fndfyda fofkla ms<s.kq,nk u;h
jkafka iqÿ ñksiqka iu. iyfhda.fhka
jevlsÍug we;s wjYH;dj u; isÿjQjla f,ihs'
Tyqf.a b;sß orejkao fn!;Siau lrjkq ,eîh'
fï jkúg jvd;a n,j;a fjñka isá
—iafkdfydñIa˜ kï f.da;%h iu. we;sjQ igka
ksid isheg,ag iy Tyqf.a f.da;%hg ish
mdrïmßl ìï wysñ fjñka mej;sks'túg
isheg,a tjlg T,sïmshdfõ isá —fâúâ
fïkd¾â˜ kï m%lg ffjoHjrfhl= fukau
f.da;%sl ckhdf.a whs;sjdislï fjkqfjka
fmkSisá iqÿ cd;slfhl= uqK.eiqfkah'
isheg,a iy fïkd¾â w;r b;d ;o ñ;%;ajhla
we;sjQ w;r Tyq úiska f.da;%sl ck;dj w;r
iu.sh we;slr,Sug lghq;= isÿ lf,ah' ;jo
tjlg —vqjïmaiA˜ kñka ye¢kajQ k.rh
—isheg,a˜ f,i kïlsÍugo lghq;= lf,ah'
1856 § wfkl=;a f.da;%slhka úiska isheg,a
k.rhg uyd m%ydrhla Èh;a lf,ah' kuq;a
kdhl isheg,a ;u f.da;%h fï i|yd fhojQfha
ke;' fï igkska f.da;%slhka wka; mrdchlg
,laúh' miqj iqÿ ñksiqkaf.a rch úiska
ish¨u f.da;%slhka i|yd fjku NQñ m%udKhla
fjkalrk ,§' kuq;a isheg,a úiska ;u
f.da;%h tys /f.k hdu m%;slafIam lf,ah'
tA iafkdfydañIa f.da;%h iu. tlg Ôj;a ùu
úYd, f,a je.sÍulg fya;=úh yels neúks'
fïkd¾â úiska iqÿ ñksiqkaf.a rchg lreKq
oelaùfuka miqj isheg,af.a ck;djg
—fmda¾Üueäika˜ys fjku NQñhla ,ndÿkafkah'
isheg,a ish ck;djg fukau fidndoyug o
fndfyda fihska wdorh lf,ah' ñksid
mDÓúfha fldgila nj;a mDÓúh ñksidf.a
fldgila nj;a Tyq weoySh' iqÿ ñksidf.a
meñKSu ish ck j¾.hdf.a;a ixialD;sfha;a
wjidkh nj Tyq oek isáfhah' ;ukag jvd
;dlaIKfhkao msßia n,fhkao jeä iqÿ ñksid
iu. igka je§fuka m,la fkdjk nj Tyq
f;areï.;a;d jekak'
flfiajqjo we;eï f.da;% Tyq flf¾
fkdmeye§ulska isá njo jd¾;d fjhs'
—la,,a,dï˜ kï f.da;%fha kdhlhd úiska
Tyqj yeÈkajQfha —my;a ñksfila''
mdjdfokafkla'' úlgfhla''' iy
nh.=,af,la''˜ f,ihs' isheg,a úiska igka
je§u fjkqjg iqÿ ñksid iu. .súiqï j,g
t<öu tu f.da;%sl kdhlhd úiska m%;slafIam
l<d úh hq;=h'
mrla f;rla fkdfmfkk wyia ;,ho udhsï .id
fjka fkdl, uyd NQñho ish ksfjiak fldgf.k
Ôj;a jQ fuu wiydh f.da;%sl kdhlhd j¾I
1866 cQks 7 jkÈk —fmdaÜ ueäika˜ ys ish
ckj¾.hd i|yd jQ fjkalrk ,o ìï lfvys
wjika yqiau fy<Sh'
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[TAGS] Cheif Seattle |
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| 15 |
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iEu j,dl=<la miqmiu we;af;a ;j;a
j,dl=<ls'
uu iEu úgu fm%alaIlhdg
Tjqkaf.au kdgHhla'' Tjqka
fyd¢kau okakd iskyfjka l÷f,ka
msß Tjqkaf.au kdgHhla §ug W;aidy
lrñ'
ug uqo,a ke;sj Ôj;aúh
yelsh' kuq;a fm%auh fkdue;sj
Ôj;aúh fkdyelsh'
rd;%sfha ksy~ nj ;=< uu
ks;ru m%d¾:kd lf,a ñksiqka
oyilf.a w;afmdf<dika y~ fkdj tla
ñksfil=f.a wdorh msß jpk
lsysmhls'
ud mqrdjD;hlao@ tfia kï
wehs ug fu;rï yqfol,djla@ uu Tng
fuiA mjiñ' mqrdjD;hka ish,a,
hym;a jkafka Tn jgd Tng wdorh
lrk ñksiqka isák;dla l,a muKs' |
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ñ,skj ieÕj .sh
wdldi l=iqu |
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cQä
.d¾,kaâ
^1922-1969& |
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1922 cQks 10 jk Èk Wmka *%dkaiia t;,a .ï
fyj;a miq lf,l cqä .d¾,kaâ kñka f,dal
m%lg jQ .dhsldj iy ks<sh" Wm;skau l,dj
yd ine÷kq mjq,l idudðldjla úh' wehf.a
fouõmshka 19 jk ishjfia —jõfvú,a ˜ f,i
yeÈkajQ ixo¾Yk meje;ajQ msßila jQ w;r
Tjqyq tu ixo¾Yk meje;ajQ Yd,djl
ysñlrejka jQy'
*%dkaiia iy wef.a jeäuy,a fidfydhqßfhda
uq,skau ish mshd f.a kD;H Yd,dfõ
m%ix.hka bÈßm;a l<y' Tjqyq —.ï˜
fidfydhqßfhda f,i ye|skaúK' fuu ku we;eï
úg fm%alaIlhkag ydiHckl jQ neúka miqj th
—.d¾,ka☠fidfydhqßfhda f,i fjkia
lr.kakd ,§' *%dkaiia o wef.a ku —cQä˜
f,i fjkia l,dh'
1935 § cQä —fufg%da f.da,aâúka fïh¾˜
iud.u iu. .súiqulg t<fUkakSh' kuq;a
wef.a fmkqu tjlg wefußldkq iskud
iqrEmsKshka iu. mEyqfka ke;' wef.a jhi
ksid ^wjq 13& wehg <ud pß; j,go fmkS
isàfï yelshdjla ;snqfkaa ke;' flfia
kuq;a weh fmkSisá Ñ;%mg wdohï w;ska by<
;ekl ;sìK' wehf.a uq¿ Ôú; ld,hu weh ish
fmkqu .ek lK.dgq jQ nj wef.a ióm;ufhda
m%ldY lr;s' jrla wef.a Ñ;%mg
wOlaIHljrfhla jQ —pd,aia fjda,ag¾ia˜
m%ldY lf,a —weh uqo,a ujk hka;%hla'
kuq;a weh ;uhs wj,iaik ;drd meáhd' th
wehg oeä mSvdjla f.k ÿkakd' th weh;a iu.
ioygu mj;Sú'˜ hkqfjka' tjlg wef.a
Ñ;%d.dr m%Odkshd jQ ˜¨hsia î fïh¾˜ wehj
yeÈkajQfha —mqkaÑ l=od˜ hk wkaj¾:
kdufhka' wehf.a fmkqu ksid weh fl;rï
is;a ;ejq,lg m;aù o lshd thska is;d .;
yelsh'
flfia fj;;a weh .dhsldjla f,io ks<shla
f,io ckm%sh;ajhg m;afjñka isáhdh' fï
wjÈfha§ wehg iy wfkl=;a ;reK Ys,amSkag
ish yelshdjka iy Yla;sh mj;ajdf.k hdu
ioyd úúO T!IO j¾. ,nd§ug o fuu Ñ;%mg
iud.ï l%shd l<y' miqj isÿjQfha weh È.ska
È.gu tu T!IO j¾. j,g weíneys ùuh' miq
lf,l weh mejiQfha fuu iud.u ;u ;reK Ôú;h
;udf.kA fidrlï l, njhs' 1939 § weh —o
úid¾â T*a ´ia˜ keue;s ckm%sh <ud l;dfjys
m%Odk pß;h jk fvdr;s f.a pß;h rÕmEjdh'
fuh wehj wefußldkq iskudfõ woaú;Sh
ia:dkhlg m;a lsÍug iu;a jQjdh' fuys weh
úiska .dhkd lrk —Tj¾ o f¾kafnda ˜ kï
.S;h wef.a úYsIaG;u .dhkh f,i wog;a
ie,flhs'
1940 oYlfh§ weh ish <ud pß;hkaf.ka ñ§
jeäysá pß; lrd fhduq úh' fï ld,fha weh
rÕmE Ñ;%mg w;r
Meet Me
In St. Louis
wehf.a id¾:lu Ñ;%mgh f,i ie,flhs' ful,
weh fm%au in|;d lsysmhlau we;slr.;a
kuq;a tAjd wid¾:l úh' weh lsysm jrlau
újdy jQ kuq;a tAjd o Èlalidohkaf.ka
fl<jr úh' 1947 weh ish —o mhsrܘ keue;s
Ñ;%mgfha rÕmdñka isák w;r;=r iakdhq
wdndOhlska fmf<kakg úh' flfia fyda
Ñ;%mgfha lghq;= wjika l,o weh YdÍßlj iy
udkislj ì| jefgkakg úh' weh m%:u jgdjg
ishÈú ydks lr .ekSugo fm<Uqkdh' YdÍßl iy
udkisl frda.S ;;ajhka ksid wehg ,enqkq
Ñ;%mgo tlsfkl .s<sfykakg úh' tï'Ô'tï
iud.u iu. ;snqkq wef.a in|;djh o fï ksid
wehg wysñ úh' 1950 oYlfha weh rEmjdyskS
jevigyka j, hï id¾:l;ajhla w;alr.;a;o tA
jk úg;a weh wd¾Ól wia:djr Ndjhg m;a ù
isáhdh'
1964 j¾Ifha§ wehg TiafÜ%,shdkq ixpdrhla
,enqk o thska o i;=gqodhl m%;sM,
fkd,enqks' 1969 jir jk úg wehf.a YdÍßl
frda.S ;;ajhka oeä fia W;aikak úh' 1969
cQks 22 jkÈk jeämqr T!IO YÍr.;ùu ksid
weh ñh .shdh'
fõÈldfõ fyda ߧ ;srfha iqjyila rislhka
wukaodkkaohg m;a lrk iqrx.kd Ôú; .;
lrkakdla fiaa neyerg Èia jk fndfyduhla
—wdldi l=iqï˜j, inE Ôú; háka we;af;aa
fun÷ fÄojdpl fkdfõo@
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14 |
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iEu ñksfil=f.aau Ôú;h foúhka
jykafiaaf.aa weÕs,s ;=äka
,shjqkq iqrx.kd l;djls'
kslïu Ôj;aùu m%udKj;a fkdfõ'
ñksfil=g ysre t<sh" ksoyi jf.aau
u,a áll=;a wjYH fõ'
Ôú;h" thu b;du wdYap¾hu;a
iqrx.kd l;djls'
jpkh mrÈk ;ek ix.S;h l;dlrhs' |
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ydkaia l%siaáhka wekav¾ika |
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^1805-1875& |
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1805 § fvkaud¾lfhaa Tfvkaia ys§ Wm; ,enQ
ydkaia l%siaáhka wekav¾ika lúfhl= fukau
f,dal m%lg <ud l;d rplfhl= úh' l=vd l,§u
b;d nqoaêu;a fukau ks¾udKd;aul m%;sNdjla
oela jQ ydkaia l%siaáhka úfYaaIfhka
kdgHh l,djg oeä we,aula oelaùh' ;ud
úiskau idod.;a rElv kdgH Yd,djl" Tyq
rElv weiqßka ú,shï fYaalaiamsh¾ f.aa
kdgH rÕ oelaùh'
1816 § ydkaiag ish mshd wysñ úh' bkamiq
Tyqg ;udf.aa Ôúldj imhd .ekSug isÿ úh'
Tyq jhi wjqreÿ 14 § fldamkafyaa.ka kqjrg
meñfKkafkaa k¿fjl= f,i /lshdjla
fidhdf.khs' Tyqf.aa w;s;driajr lgy~ ksid
fvkaud¾lfhaa rdclSh rÕyf,aa k¿fjl= f,i
lghq;= lsÍug Tyqg wjia:dj ,enqks' kuq;a
fkdfnda l,lskau Tyqf.aa lg y~ fjkia
jQfhka Tyqg ish jD;a;sfhka bj;aùug
isÿúh' ish ñ;=frl=f.aa fhdackdjlg wkqj
Tyq f,aaLk l,dj f;dard.;af;aa h' jeäÿr
wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd Tyq NdId mdie,lgo
we;=,a úh' miq lf,l ydkaia l%siaáhka
mejiqfhaa ;udf.aa ðú;fhaa kSriu w÷reu
ld, mßÉfPAoh fuu mdi,a ld,h njhs' wka
whf.aa ie,ls,a,g Ndckh fkdjqkq tfukau
bf.kSfï ÿ¾j,;djfhka fm¨kq —äiaf,laishd˜
(Dyslexia)
frda.sfhl=j f.jqkq tu ld,h Tyqg b;d
ÿIalr úh'
j¾I 1829 wekav¾ika f,aaLk l,dfjka ;rul
id¾:l;ajhla ,enQ jirls' fï ld,fhaa§ Tyq
lú tl;=jla" m%yikhla iy id¾:l flá l;djla
,shd m<lf,aah' j¾I 1835 wekav¾ika ish
wurKSh iqrx.kd l;d tl;=j m< l, jir hs'
flfiaafj;;a fuu lD;Ska wdrïNfhaa§
mdGlhka w;r t;rï ckm%sh fkdùh' kuq;a Tyq
f.aa
O.T
iy
Only A
Fidler
hk
kjl;d ;rula id¾:l;ajhla fmkakqï lf,aah'
;jo 1837 § Tyq ish
The Ugly
Duckling
^wj,iaik ;drmegjd& kï iqm%isoaO <ud l;dj
m< l, jirhs' 1847 § Tyq tx.,ka;hg
meñKsfhaa h' th Tyqg iudÔh jYfhka jeo.;a
jQ ld¾;=jls' íf,isxgka wdÈmdojßh Tyqj
ish fNdack ix.%yhkag lef|õjd h' tys§
Tyqg iudcfhaa b;d jeo.;a idudðlhska uqK
.eiSug wjia:dj ,enqKs' Tyqg ;ud b;du
wdorh lrk f,aaLlhd —pd,aia älkaia˜ o
weiqre lrkakg bv ,enqKs'
—;ïn,skd˜" —ysu /ðk˜" —mqxÑ Èh ls÷ßh˜"
—wêrdcHhdf.aa w¨;a we÷ï˜" jeks Tyqf.aa
b;d ckm%sh ks¾udK /ila 1840 ;a 1850 w;r
jdf.aa ,shejqkq tAjdh' f,dj mqrd NdId
.Kkdjlg mßj¾;kh fjñka wog;a fuu ks¾udK
mdGlhka w;r ckm%shj mj;S'
fvkaud¾lfhaa fldamkafyaa.ka jrdfhaa fuu
uyd f,aaLlhd isys ùu msKsi mqxÑ Èh ls÷ßh
f.aa m%Óudjla f.dvk.d ;sfí' ;jo Tyqf.aa
Wmka Èkh jk wfm%aa,a fojk Èk f,dal <ud
idys;H Èkh f,i ie,flhs'
úYajfhaa iEu iqkaor fohla ;=,u wdorfhaa
meyeh ;ejrE fï uyd f,aaLlhd j¾I 1872 §
fuf,dj yer.sfhaah'
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ñksfil= jhi wjqreÿ mkyl§ Ôú;h
olskafka ;ud jhi úiafia§ ÿgq
wdldrhgu kï Tyq Ôú;fhka jir
;sylau kdia;slrf.k isáhs'
wkqkag lrkd fiajh Tn fï
ñysmsg bkakd ldurhg f.jk l=<sh
fjhs'
ish j¾Kh ksid ñksiqka
fy<d oelSu b;d jerÈhs' tA l=uk
j¾Khla ioyd jqjo b;du jerÈ
l%shdjls'
Ôú;fha wNsfhda. Ndr.ekSug
;rï ffO¾hu;a fkdjk whg lsisjla
Èkd.; fkdyels jkq we;'
fndlaisx hkq l¨ ñksiqka fofofkl=
.=á wek .kakd whqre fndfyda iqÿ
ñksiqka krUk wkaofï l%Svdjls' |
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ñ;%;ajh hkq mdief,ka bf.k.kakla
fkdfjhs' kuq;a Tn tys f;areu
fkdokafka kï Tn lsisjla bf.k f.k
ke;'
cd;Ska w;r wr.,h is;shu fjkia
lrkq i|ydhs' kuq;a ÿmam;a lug
tfrys wr.,h" fjki is;shï.; lrkq
i|ydhs' |
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fudfyduâ w,S |
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^1942-& |
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j¾I
1942 § wefußldfõ flkagqlS m%dka;fha Wm;
,o fudfyduâ w,S f;j;djlau f,dal fyúfõÜ
Y+r;dj ÈkQ fndlaisx l%Svlfhls' fuf;dÈia;
lf;da,sl ksldhg wh;a mjq,l Wm; ,o
fudfyduâ w,Sf.a uq,a ku jQfha leishia
laf,a h' kuq;a miq lf,l bia,dï oyu je<o
.;a Tyq fudfyduâ w,S f,i ish ku fjkia
lr.;af;ah'
1954 § isÿjqk tla wyUq isÿùula fkdjkakg
fudfyduâ w,S fndlaisx ;rejla fkdjkakg bv
;snqks'
12 úhe;s w,S iy Tyq f.a ñ;=frl= flkagqlS
ys Y%jkd.drhl isáh§ Tyqf.a nhsisl,h ke;s
úh' Tyqg tys l%Svd.drhl isá fcda udáka
kï fmd,sia ks,Odßhd uqK.eisks' ;udf.a
nhsisl,h fidrd .;af;a ljqre fyda fõjd
Tyq ;udf.ka fyd| yeá .=á lk nj w,S" fcda
udáka g mejiSh' udáka mejiqfõ Bg m%:u
Tyq úiska fndlaisx bf.k .; hq;= njhs'
m%;sM,h jQfha i;s .Klg miq fudfyduâ w,S
úiska ish m<uq fndlaisx ch.%yKh jd¾:d
lsÍuh' bka miq jir 27la u fndlaisx
j<,af,a rcq f,i lsre< me<§ug fuu
wkNsNjkSh l%Svlhd iu;a úh' tA wkqj 1960
§ ieye,a¨ nr mx;s T,sïmsla rka molaluo
miq lf,l f,dal fyú fõÜ Y+r;dj f;jrlao
hkd§jYfhka Tyq ish ch.%yKhka jd¾;d
lf,ah'
w,Sg igka lsÍug isÿ jQfha fndlaisx j<,a,
;=, muKla fkdfõ' tA wefußld tlai;a ckmoh
úhÜkduh iu. hqO je§ isá iuhhs' w,Sg hqO
fiajhg tlajk f,i n,mEï t,a, úh' kuq;a th
Y=oaO jQ l=rdkhg mgyeks nj oelajQ w,S
hqO yuqodjg ne£u m%;slafIam lf,ah' ;jo
˜Tjqyq'' tkï úhÜfldx jreka ;udg l,af,la
hehs lsis úfgl wmydi fkdl,y˜ hk m%isoaO
lshuk o Tyq úiska m%ldY lf,a fï ld,fha§u
h' fï ish,af,au wjidk m%;sM,h jQfha w,Sj
isrNdrhg .ekSu h'ksõfhdala ys u<, l%Svd
fldñáh úiska w,S f.a fndlaisx ,hsiu ;ykï
lrk ,§' ;jo Tyqf.a ish¨u .re kduhkao
;k;=reo wj,x.= lrk ,§'
kuq;a l,a .;jk úg hqoaOhg tfrys uyck
u;hla wefußldj ;=< f.dv kef.kakg úh'
tAiuÕu isr .; l, fï ckm%sh l%Svlhd fj;
uyck;djf.a iyfhda.h ,efnkakg úh'
wjidkfha§ 1971 jif¾§ trg wêlrKh u.ska
w,Sg tfrysj mkjd;snQ o~qju wj,x.= lrk
,§'
w,S b;d oeä f,i j¾K fío jdohg úreoaO úh'
jrla iqÿ ñksiqkag muKla fjkajQ wjka y,lg
we;=,a ùug bv fkd§u ksid we;sjQ
l,lsÍfuka Tyq ish T,sïmsla rka molalu
Tysfhda .Õg úis lf,ah' fuu l%shdj .ek
oek.;a tjlg wefußldfõ j¾K fío jdohg
tfrys oeä wr.,hla f.k.sh ue,alï
X
úiska w,Sj ˜bia,dï cd;sh˜ ^Nation
Of Islam&
kï ixúOdkhg n|jd .;af;ah'
j¾I 1978 § w,S fndlaisx l%Svdfjka úY%du
.;af;ah' 1984 § Tyq mdlskaika kï fud<fha
frda.hg f.dÿre úh' YÍrfha ÿ¾j, md,kh;a
iuÕu Tyq ;ju;a f,dalfha úfYaIfhka
wm%sldfõ ÿ.S ck;dj fjkqfjka msysg ùug
lghq;= lrfkah' j¾I 2005 § Tyq wefußldfõ
Oj, ukaÈrfha§ ckdêm;a fcda¾Ê nqIa w;ska
ksoyi i|yd jk ckdêm;s molalfuka msÿï
,eîh' fndlaisx j<,af,a§ fukau bka msg;§o
iqjyila f,dal ck;djf.a f.!rjdorhg m;a
fuu wiydh l%Svlhd wo Èko f,dalh i|yd jQ
;udf.a j.lSu fjkqfjka l%shdldÍ fjñka
isáhs'
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12 |
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iskyjla ke;sj f.jqkq Èkhla
kdia;s jQ Èkhls'
tAldêm;sfhda ;ukaj ksoyfiaa ;nd
.ks;s' kuq;a Tjqyq uyck;dj jy¨ka
f,i ;nd .ks;s'
uu foúhka iu. idufhka isáñ'
uf.aa .egqu ;sfnkafkaa ñksid
iu.hs'
Ôú;h iómj n,k l, th fÄodka;hls'
kuq;a ÿria;j n,k l, m%yikh ls'
ñksiqkaf.aa ffjrh f.ù hkq we;'
tAldêm;shka ñh hkq we;' Tjqyq
ñksiqkaf.ka Wÿrd .;a n,h h,s
ñksiqkagu ,efnkq we;' tf,i
ñksiqka ñh .sh o ksoyi ñh fkdhkq
we;' |
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pd,s pema,ska |
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^1889-1977& |
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Y%Su;a pd¾,aia iafmkai¾ pema,ska
^lKsIaG& bx.%Sis cd;sl úlg k¨fjla" Ñ;%mg
ksIamdolfhla fukau ix.S;{fhlao úh' Tyq
wefußldkq fyd,sjqâ iskudfõ iïNdjkSh
hq.fhaa uq,a ld,fhaa mgka ueo olajdu
oialï mE úr, .kfhaa mqoa.,fhls'
j¾I 1899 wfm%aa,a 16 jk Èk ,kavka ys
je,aj¾;a ys§ Wm; ,o pema,skag Wm;skau
l,d lafIaa;%h yd ne÷kq mßirhla ;snqks'
tA Tyqf.aa uj fukau mshdo fõÈld kdgH
k¿jka jQ ksidh' pema,skaf.aa uj rx.khg
wu;rj .dhkhgo olaIjQjdh' kuq;a pd,sg jhi
wjqreÿ 3 ,eîug fmr Tjqka fofokd fjka úh'
îu;alug weíneysjQ pd,sf.aa mshd pd,sg
jhi wjqreÿ 12 jk úg ñh .sfhaah' pd,s
f.aa ujf.aa W.=f¾ we;sjQ wdidokhla
fyaa;=fjka wehf.aa .dhk Èúho wjika úh'
fï ld,fhaa§ b;d oeä wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dfjka
msrekq pd,s f.aa Èúh miq lf,l Tyq ish
ks¾udK lrKfhaa§o mdol fldg .;af;aah' miq
lf,l pd,s" Tyqf.aa uj iy Tyqf.aa w¾O
fidfydhqre isâks wefußldjg meñKshy' tys§
tkï 1928 § Tyqf.aa uj ñh .sfhaah'
pema,skaf.aa rx.k Ôú;h wdrïN jkafkaa
ieneúkau Tyqg jhi wjqreÿ 14 §h' Tyq m%:u
jrg fõÈldfõ rÕmEfõ ì,S keue;s l=vd
fld¨fjl= f.aa pß;hls' miqj wefußldfõ§
Tyq rÕ mE
A Night In An English Music Hall
kï
fõÈld kdgHfhka Tyq wefußldkq
fm%aalaIlhka w;r ckm%sh úh' miqj 1913
jif¾§ Ñ;%mg i|yd odhl jQ pema,ska tla
/hlskau ckm%sh ;rejla njg m;a úh'
bka miq Tyq rÕmE Ñ;%mg w;r
A Woman Of Paris
^1923&"
The Gold
Rush
^1925&"
The
Circus
^1928&"
City
Lights
^1931&"
Modern
Times
^1936&"
The Great
Dictator
^1940& jeks wog;a b;d Wiia ks¾udK .kfhaa
,d ie,flk Ñ;%mg fjhs'
pema,ska f.aa olaI;d rx.khg muKla iSud
jQjla fkdùh' Tyq f,aaLkhg" l%Svdjg"
fukau ix.S;hgo olaIfhla úh' Tyq úiska
Tyqf.aa iajhx pß;dmodkh we;=¨j wvqu
;rñka .%ka: y;rla j;a rpkd lr ;sfí' Tyq
;ksju ix.S;ho Wf.k olaI jh,Ska jdolfhla
o úh'
pema,ska f.aa foaaYmd,ksl oelau
jdudxYsl úh' Tyqf.a fndfyda Ñ;%mg
j,skao th ukdj meyeÈ<s fjhs' Tyq f.aa
Modern
Times
Ñ;%mgfhaa Tyq ÿmam;=ka .eko tfukau
lïlrejka f.aa Ôjk wr.,h .eko l;d lrhs'
Tyqf.a
Great
Dictator
Ñ;%mgfhka Tyq tAldêm;s;ajh ydiHhg ,la
lrhs'
;u l=vd ld,fhaa ÿmam;aj isg ,enQ
w;aoelSï ish l,d fl!I,Hh iuÕ tla lrñka
iskudfõ woaú;Sh pß;hla njg m;a jQ fuu
udkj ys;jd§ l,dlrejd 1977 k;a;,a Èkfhaa
fuf,dj yer .sfhaah'
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11 |
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fyd| ysila fukau yoj;lao iEu úgu
;Èka tlsfkl ne£ mj;shs'
f,dalh fjkia lsÍug Tng mdúÉÑl,
yels fyd|u wdhqOh kï wOHdmkhhs'
tlai;a ckmoh fyda tx.,ka;h
Tjqkaf.aa Pkao lghq;= j,§
wdishdfjka fyda wm%sldfjka
ksÍlaIlhka b,a,kafkaa ke;' kuq;a
wfmaa ^wm%sldfõ fyda wdishdfõ&
Pkao j,§ Tjqkag ksÍlaIlhka
wjYHh'
Tnf.aa i;=rka iu. iduh wjYH kï
Tjqka iu. tlg jev lrkak' túg
Tjqka Tnf.aa iylrejka fõú'
hula lr wjika jk;=reu th l,
fkdyels f,igu fmfkkq we;' |
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flfkl=g f;aafrk NdIjlska weu;+
l,a ys th Tyqf.aa ysig we;=,a
fjhs' kuq;a Tyqf.aa NdIdfjka
weu;+ l,a ys th Tyqf.aa yoj;g
we;=,a fjhs'
b;d wudrefjka lkaola ;rKh l, miq
muKla flfkla olshs" ;rKh lsÍug
;j;a fndfyda l÷ we;s nj' |
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fk,aika uekafv,d |
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^1918- & |
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j¾I
1918 cQ,s ui 18 jk Èk ol=Kq wm%sldfõ
g%dkaials ys§ Wmka fk,aika uekafv,d
ol=Kq wm%sldfõ j¾. fNaao jdohg tfrysj
igka l, trg ysgmq ckdêm;sjrfhls'
uekafv,d Wm;ska wm%sldfõ f;ïnq ck j¾.hg
wh;a h' Tyqf.aa uq;a;d tu ckj¾.fhaa rcq
fyj;a kdhlhd úh' Tyqf.aa uq,au ku jQfhaa
frd,sya,dya,d uekafv,d h' ;ukaf.aa
mjqf,aa idudðlhka w;ßka m<uqfjkau mdie,a
wOHdmkh ,eîfï Nd.Hh ysñ jQfhaa
frd,sya,dya,d gh' Tyqg fk,aika hk
bx.%Sis kduh ,nd ÿkafkaa Tyqf.aa mdie,a
.=re;=ñhhs'
bf.kSug olaIfhla jQ uekafv,d idudkHfhka
jir ;=kl muK ld,hla .;jk ˜cQksh¾
i¾á*sflaaܘ úNd.h jir foll§ iïmQ¾K
lf,aah' Tyq jhi wjqreÿ 19 § l,d Wmdêh
yeoEÍug ˜f*da¾Ü fyhd˜ úYajúohd,hg
we;=,;a úh' tys§ Tyqg ish È.= ld,Sk ñ;%
T,sj¾ geïfnd j uqk.eiqks' tys m<uq jif¾
YsIfhl=j isák iufhaa úYajúoHd,fhaa
m%;sm;a;s j,g tfrysj tys YsIH ix.uh
fufyhjQ jevj¾ckhg iyNdyS jQ jrog
uekafv,dj tu úYajúoHd,fhka fkrmd yßk ,§'
miqlf,l fcdyekakian¾.a k.rhg meñKs
uekafv,d tys m;,l uqrlrefjl= f,io ;j;a
lf,l kS;s lghq;= wdh;khl ,smslrefjl=
f,io fiaajh lf,aah' 1948 trg mej;s
ue;sjrKfhka miqj uekafv,d foaaYmd,k
lghq;= j, È.ska È.gu ksr; úh' bkaÈhdfõ
uy;aud .dkaê f.k.sh wúysxidjd§ wr.,h
uekafv,d f.aa foaaYmd,k Ôú;hg uy;a
n,mEula lf,aah' wm%sldj ;=, Tyq fuyhjQ
jevj¾ck ksid Tyqo we;=¨j ;j;a 150 fofkl=
1956 jif¾§ w;a wvx.=jg .ekqks'
flfiaakuqÿ 1961 jif¾§ Tyq ksoyia úh'
miqj wm%sldkq cd;sl fldx.%ifhaa ikakoaO
wxYh Ndrj lghq;= lf,aah' wm%sldfõ mej;s
j¾. jd§ md,k m%;sm;a;s j,g úreoaOj
ikakoaO wr.,hla lsÍug Tyq ck;dj
fm<.eiajQfhaah' fïjkúg wúysxidjd§
wr.,fhka lsisÿ m%;sM,hla w;a fkdjk nj
Tyqg m%;HlaI ù ;snqks' 1962 jif¾§
wefußldkq
CIA
T;a;= fiaajdfõ iyfhda.ho we;sj uekafv,d
h<s;a jrla w;a wvx.=jg .ekqks' Tyqf.aa
jir 27l isr .; Ôú;fhka 18 la u .;jQfhaa
rEnka ¥mf;aa isr f.orhs' Tyq mjik mßÈ
tys b;d ÿIalr lgql Ôú;hla .; lrkakg
Tjqkag isÿúh' foaaYmd,k isrlrejka jQ
ksid;a l¨ cd;slhka jQ ksid;a Tjqka oeä
ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK § ;sfí' uekafv,d
isrf.or§o ish wOHdmk lghq;= fkdlvjd
lrf.k .sfhaah' Tyq tys§ ,kavka
úYajúoHd,fhka kS;sfõ§ ndysr Wmdêh ,nd
.;af;aah'
isrf.or isá ld,fhaa§ Tyqf.aa ckm%sh;ajh
;j;a by, .sfhaah'fï jkúg Tyq jvd;a
ckm%sh wm%sldkq foaaYmd,k pß;h njg m;aù
isáfhaah' 1990 fmnrjdß 11 jkÈk Tyq
isrf.oßka ksoyia úh' Tyq bkamiqjo ol=Kq
wm%sldfõ l¨ cd;slhkaf.aa whs;sjdislï
Èkd.ekSu fjkqfjka È.gu l%shdldÍ úh'
foaaYmd,khg h,s;a meñKs uekafv,d
wm%sldkq cd;sl fldx.%ifhaa kdhl;ajhg
m;aúh' 1994 jif¾ trg m%:u i¾j cd;sl
Pkaohla meje;aùh' thska 62] l m%;sY;hla
,nd wm%sldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih ch.%yKh
lf,aa fk,aika uekafv,d trg m%:u l¨ cd;sl
ckdêm;sjrhd njg m;alrñka h' ckdêm;s wiqk
,nk úg uekafv,d f.aa jhi wjqreÿ 75 ls'
;j jrla tu ;k;=rg m;afjkq fjkqjg fï wjxl
kdhlhd 1999 jif¾ ish
OQrfhka úY%du .;af;aah' bkamiq Tyq udkj
ysñlï iq/lSfï iy fkdfhl=;a iudÔh lghq;=
j,g ueÈy;ajQfhaah' tAâia u¾ok jevms<sfj,
tAjdhska Tyqf.aa úfYaaI wjOdkh fhduq jQ
lghq;a;ls'
ish Ôú; ld,h ;=, ;uka úYajdi l, idOdrK"
iduqysl iy iudkd;au;djfhka hq;a rgla ;u
ifydaor ck;djg ,nd§ug wjxlju lemjQ fuu
fY%aaIaG ñksidf.aa tu jEhu w.hkq jia
1993 jif¾ fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.h Tyqg
msßkeuqks' iqjyila wdorKSh ck;djf.aa
ls;a meiiqï ueo fk,aika uekafv,d f.aa
wmrdð; Ôú;h wog;a lshdldÍj mj;shs'
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[Best viewed in 1152
X 864 Screen Resolution] |
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w w w . b o o n d i . l
k |
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boondionline@gmail.com |
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od¾Ykslfhda úúOdldrfhka f,dalh újrKh fldg we;=jd muKs'
flfiaa jqj o" .eg¿j jkdyS th fjkia lsÍu h' |
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udlaia - 11th
Thesis |
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